The challenges of nation-building
Inherited colonial boundaries
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Ethnic and religious divisions
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Lack of democratic traditions
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Political challenges
The trend toward authoritarianism
Why democracy often failed
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Case study: Mobutu's Zaire
Economic challenges
Colonial economic legacies
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Economic strategies of newly independent states
The debt trap
Case study: the Asian Tigers
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Social and cultural challenges
Language and education
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Women and gender
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Urbanization and population growth
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The role of international institutions
The United Nations
The Non-Aligned Movement
Primary sources
Julius Nyerere, Arusha Declaration (1967)
Jawaharlal Nehru, "Tryst with Destiny" speech (1947)
Patrice Lumumba, Independence Day speech (1960)
Key figures
Key events summary
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