Why empires collapsed
The weakening of European power
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The rise of nationalist movements
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Cold War dynamics
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Decolonization in South Asia
India: the crown jewel of the British Empire
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Other South Asian independence
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Decolonization in Southeast Asia
Indonesia
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Vietnam
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The Philippines
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Decolonization in Africa
North Africa
The Algerian War of Independence (1954-1962)
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Ghana: the pioneer
Kenya: the Mau Mau uprising
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The Congo crisis
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Portuguese colonies: the last to go
South Africa: apartheid and its end
Decolonization in the Middle East
The mandate system and its aftermath
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The creation of Israel (1948)
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Egypt and Nasser
Methods of achieving independence
Nonviolent resistance
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Armed struggle
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Negotiated transitions
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Primary sources
Kwame Nkrumah, "I Speak of Freedom" (1961)
Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1961)
Nelson Mandela, speech at the Rivonia Trial (1964)
Key figures
Key events summary
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