The decline of established empires
The Ottoman Empire: "The Sick Man of Europe"
Qing Dynasty China: Humiliation and revolution
The Russian Empire: Revolution and transformation
The rise of new powers
Japan: From isolation to empire
The United States: Emerging superpower
Revolutionary movements
Mexico: Social revolution
China: From empire to republic
India: Nationalism grows
Patterns of power shift
Primary sources
Sun Yat-sen, Three Principles of the People (1905)
Vladimir Lenin, "What Is to Be Done?" (1902)
Emiliano Zapata, Plan de Ayala (1911)
Key figures
Key events summary
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