Gunpowder and military innovation
The Ottoman expansion
- •
- •
- •
- •
Caption: The Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. Originally built as a Christian cathedral in 537 CE, it was converted into a mosque by Sultan Mehmed II after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, symbolizing the transfer of power.
The Safavid expansion
- •
- •
- •
- •
The Mughal expansion
- •
- •
- •