Challenges to European colonial powers
Challenges to the Ottoman Empire
Challenges to the Ming and Qing dynasties
Challenges to the Mughal Empire
Challenges in Japan: the Shimabara Rebellion
Intellectual and religious challenges
Primary sources
Declaration of Pope during the Pueblo Revolt (1680)
Galileo Galilei, letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615)
Tokugawa Iemitsu, Sakoku Edict (1635)
Key figures
Key events summary
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Vocabulary
Unit 4 topics
Unit 4 overview4.10Comparison of Coerced Labor Systems4.1Technological Innovations from 1450 to 17504.2Exploration: Causes and Events from 1450 to 17504.3Columbian Exchange4.4Maritime Empires Established4.5Maritime Empires Maintained and Developed4.6Internal and External Challenges to State Power from 1450 to 17504.7Changing Social Hierarchies from 1450 to 17504.8Continuity and Change from 1450 to 17504.9The Atlantic Slave Trade