2.5

Costs of Inflation

AP Macroeconomics

Anticipated vs. Unanticipated Inflation

Winners and Losers from Unanticipated Inflation

The Key Principle

Worked Example: Who Wins and Loses?

Costs of Inflation

1. Menu Costs

2. Shoe-Leather Costs

3. Unit-of-Account Costs

4. Bracket Creep

5. Uncertainty and Reduced Investment

Summary of Inflation Costs

Costs of Deflation

When Inflation Is Anticipated

AP Exam Tips

Common Mistakes