Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Trophic structure
Trophic levels
Food chains vs. food webs
The 10% rule: energy transfer efficiency
Consequences of the 10% rule
- •
- •
- •
- •
Ecological pyramids
Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of numbers
Gross and net primary productivity
Biogeochemical cycles
The carbon cycle
The nitrogen cycle
The water cycle
The phosphorus cycle
- •
- •
- •
- •